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杨佳案给我们的启示/张绍明

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-22 10:34:21  浏览:9612   来源:法律资料网
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张绍明律师的博客 http://blog.sina.com.cn/zhshm172

尽管媒体报道中杨佳是证据确凿的“犯罪嫌疑人”,在网络世界里,杨佳并非十恶不赦,反倒是很多人眼里的“侠士”和“刀客”。一个“犯罪嫌疑人”在短短几天之内,互联网上竟冒出“杨佳博客”、“杨佳圈”、“杨佳吧”,为其鸣冤叫屈的声音不绝于耳。为什么主流媒体与网络世界中的杨佳有如此大的反差,这个问题不得不令我们深思。
一 、 从“杀人犯”到“杨一刀”
2001年张君系列抢劫杀人案发生时,没有人同情张君,因为他杀人是为了敛财,是在行谋财害命的勾当;2006年邱兴华案发生时,人人对其咬牙切齿,因为他在滥杀无辜,他杀害的10人中,6名是庙主持及管理香火事务人员,4名是香客。这些人或为一己私利,或性情暴戾,内心世界充满着无知与贪婪,说他们是“杀人犯”一点不为过。
一个80年代的年轻人杨佳,只身闯公安局,手刃十人,致死六人,从行为上看似乎过之,但人们少有把杨佳描述成“杀人犯”者。杨佳是人,死的警察也是人,生命都是无价的。一命抵六命尚有不平,为何为死者叫屈的声音弱小,为凶手喊冤的呼声很高,会出现如此不和谐的音调呢?
在人们心目中,“刀客”和“侠客”是行侠仗义的,武功高强,一身正气,专爱替别人打抱不平。这些杨佳都不具备。论骁勇凶悍他不如张君,论冷漠残暴他不如邱兴华,他也不是为别人打不平,而是为自己求公道。按理说,这样一个人,很难与侠客扯上边,可网上就有人称其为“杨一刀”,似乎他干的是一件大快人心的事,这种似乎颠倒黑白的逻辑,背后到底隐藏些什么?
二、崇尚“私力救济”是社会的病态
“侠士”是古代社会的产物,他们藐视王法,凭一己之力反抗社会,这种寻求正义的方式始终不是主流,也不是常态。“侠士”之所以为很多人所推崇,在于他们行别人不敢行之事,他们的所作所为能够发泄出对人们对社会的种种不平与不满。这种“私力救济”方式就算十分公正也为法制社会所不容。因为除了法律的审判之外,任何人都无权剥夺他人的生命,这是文明社会一个最基本的命题。
杨佳案之所以引起这么多人的关注,给我们带来些什么信号?是折射出人们对法律正义的怀疑,还是对行政机关执法严明的微言?
社会矛盾天天发生,法律作为调整社会关系的普遍规则,作为人们行为的规范,一旦颁布实施就应得到普遍遵守,没有人能超越法律之上,行政机关依法行政,公民知法守法,在遇到矛盾纠纷时以法定的程序依法解决,这才是和谐社会该有的常态。在法治的社会,要有法律意识高于一切的公务员队伍,有法制理念的公民,有监督法律正确实施的舆论导向,有代表公民与权利抗争的律师,有公正裁判的法律守卫者法官。在矛盾发生时,大家的目标只有一个,那就是维护法律的尊严,守护法律的正义。
人人守护法律是文明社会的常态,也是社会秩序得以维护的保障。在法律受到藐视,私力救济备受推崇时,一定是社会机器的哪个部件有了毛病。因为司法和行政机关是社会秩序的维护者,所以最容易让人对法律产生怀疑的,一是行政机关的执法犯法,二是司法机关的裁判不公。
发生在某个人身上的不公对社会而言也许是万分之一,对单个个体确是百分之百。更为严重的是,这种不公会让人们失去对法律的信仰,对寻求法律解决纠纷的热情大大降低,思维容易出现“返祖现象”,他们一旦产生法律不能对抗权利,个人不公难以申诉,天下乌鸦一般黑的理念时,以“私力救济”方式反抗社会的动机自然产生。
私力救济受到推崇是一个可怕的信号。
美国是一个可自由持枪的社会,如果中国容许自由持枪,有那么多人崇尚“杨佳”,哪怕有万分之一的人效仿,将会是多么可怕的后果。
三、谣言止于公开透明
杨佳案之所以出现如此多的不同声音,在于人们对案情存在太多的疑问,警察到底是否殴打了他,是否打成残疾,杨佳是否申诉无门,为何没杀保安?为何放过女警察?尽管有关部门再三有新闻发布,但仍难消除人们的疑惑,况且杨佳一无犯罪前科,二无暴力倾向,犯罪的动因难以作出合理解释,人们的同情大于愤怒的不正常心态就自然产生。
俗话说:谣言止于智者。我说:谣言止于公开透明。想一想,汶川地震如果封锁消息会是什么结果,会有全国人万众一心的局面吗?不要忽视群众的判断力。在我看来,杨佳案真相大白的最好方法是让杨佳对着媒体开口讲话,让杨佳的家人对着镜头辩白伸冤。如果让他们把该讲的话都讲完,公安机关再拿出自己依法行政的证据,什么事情不都清楚了吗?遮遮掩掩会让人雾里看花,自然风声四起。
让人们知道事实真相,人们自然能分辨是非,美国有陪审团制度,任何公民都可能以陪审员的身份,在法庭上以自己的目光审视事实,以自己的判断作出裁决,在他作出判断的那一瞬间,他对法律的尊敬油然产生。
这么多人对杨佳抱以同情,我认为其中的绝大多数还是出于对事实真相的怀疑或者不明。公开透明是公平公正的保证,如果能以此为契机,让杨佳走上镜头说话,而不是通过新闻发言人说话,在杨佳没有受到殴打的真相明了之后,会有这么多人同情杨佳吗?不会,一个智力健全的人都有是非判断能力。
四、记者和律师是社会和谐的稳定剂
很多官员不喜欢记者和律师,因为这些人喜欢找歪。
其实,社会的和谐离不开这两类人。
记者告诉人们事实真相,让人们理智地去判断,不至于被谣言和谎言所迷惑;律师让社会矛盾得合理的解决渠道,不公得到合理的宣泄,不至于走向失去理智的极端。他们是良药,苦口而有利于根治社会的痼疾,宏观上看,他们都是社会和谐的稳定剂。
设想一下,如果杨佳真的受到不公正的待遇,他去找律师,以法律手段维权,或许道路艰难,起码事实真相明了,一个有正义感的律师会锲而不舍地引导他寻求法律途径解决纠纷,加上现在媒体这么发达,最终会寻求到法律的公断,他或许不会走向极端。
再设想一下,如果杨佳真的受到不公正待遇,他寻求媒体帮助,有媒体介入调查报道,以现有媒体的力量,问题也能够得到妥善的解决。
可惜的是,在事件发生后,杨佳既不相信媒体的力量,也不相信法律的威严,他所看到的是社会的不公或者对强权的无奈,最终选择私力救济反抗社会的方式,有人称之为弱者的强音,在我看来是社会法治理念的失败。
至今少有律师介入后依然发生的恶性事件,也少有媒体报道后依然发生的恶性事件。为什么?人的情感需要宣泄,人的不平也需要得到宣泄。舆论作为民意的宣泄口,律师做人个人对抗强权的宣泄口,充当着润滑社会矛盾的作用。
杨佳案给我们留下一头雾水。也给政府部门敲响了警钟:对某个人的不公,任何事件的不公开透明,认为律师记者之流挑刺是损害政府威信,如此习惯性的看法,会把社会矛盾推向极端,最终伤害的政府的公信力。
但愿杨佳案能让一些人改变观点,不再戴有色眼睛看记者和律师。

张绍明律师
2008年7月8日于武汉

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国家工商行政管理局关于对我国企业在国外注册商标进行登记管理的通知

国家工商局


国家工商行政管理局关于对我国企业在国外注册商标进行登记管理的通知
国家工商局




各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局:



为了掌握我国企业在国外注册商标的情况,决定对我国企业在国外注册商标进行登记管理。现将具体办法通知如下:
一、到国外申请商标注册的,申请人应先到所在地县、市工商行政管理局登记。到国外申请注册的商标,必须是申请人自己的商标。
二、到国外申请注册的商标获准注册或被驳回,或已注册商标发生下列变化的,企业也应到所在地县、市工商行政管理局登记。
1.商标注册人名义或地址变更的,应登记变更前后的注册人名义、地址、变更日期;
2.商标转让的,应登记转让人名义和地址、受让人名义和地址、转让的商品以及转让日期;
3.商标专用权失效的,应登记失效商标所有人名义和地址,失效原因、商品以及失效日期。
三、县、市工商行政管理局应于每年十二月底前将本年度办理商标登记的情况报送省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市工商行政管理局,由省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市工商行政管理局汇总后于次年一月报送国家工商行政管理局商标局。
四、在国外注册的商标在注册国被他人侵权假冒的,注册人应及时将侵权假冒的情况,通过当地县、市工商行政管理局报送国家工商行政管理局商标局。
五、各企业在县、市工商行政管理局登记后,即可自行通过代理人或其他方式到国外办理商标注册申请。
六、通过马德里协定进行商标国际注册的,按马德里协定办法进行,不适用本通知的规定。
七、本通知自发布之日起执行。



1990年5月18日

对于违反进出口许可证管理制度的处罚规定(附英文)

海关总署 对对外贸易经济合作部


对于违反进出口许可证管理制度的处罚规定(附英文)

1989年1月25日,海关总署、对外经贸部

第一条 为了严肃处理违反进出口许可证管理制度的案件,保证进出口许可证管理制度的有效实施,依照《中华人民共和国海关法》、《中华人民共和国进口货物许可证管理制度暂行条例》和《中华人民共和国海关法行政处罚实施细则》,制定本规定。
第二条 伪造进、出口货物许可证,企图蒙混进口或出口货物的,没收货物,并处货物等值以下、百分之三十以上的罚款,情节严重的,依法追究刑事责任。
第三条 伪报进出口货物品名、规格等,借以逃避进口许可证管理的,没收货物,并处货物等值百分之三十以下、百分之十以上的罚款;借以逃避出口许可证管理的,没收货物,或责令退运,不准出口,并处货物等值百分之三十以下、百分之十以上的罚款。
将一般贸易项下实行进口许可证管理的商品伪报为来料加工、进料加工或以其他名义进口,借以逃避进口许可证管理的,没收货物,并处货物等值百分之三十以下、百分之十以上的罚款。
进口少报多进,出口少报多出许可证管理商品的,除没收多进或多出的货物(有溢短装规定的除外),并处有关货物等值百分之三十以下、百分之十以上的罚款。
在非许可证管理商品中混藏许可证管理商品的,没收许可证管理商品,并处有关货物等值百分之三十以下、百分之十以上的罚款。
第四条 涂改进口许可证品名、规格、数量、有效期等内容的,没收货物,并处货物等值百分之三十以下、百分之十以上的罚款;涂改出口许可证品名、规格、数量、有效期等内容的,没收货物,并处货物等值百分之三十以下、百分之十以上的罚款。
对非法冒用进出口许可证的,其进出口货物按前款规定处理。
第五条 申报进口属于许可证管理的商品,不能提交有关许可证的,没收货物或责令退运,如按海关规定期限补交进口许可证的,处货物等值百分之三十以下、百分之五以上的罚款;申报出口属于许可证管理的商品,不能提交有关许可证的,没收货物或责令退运。
第六条 经海关同意具保放行,在规定期限内不能补交许可证,如属于无证进出口,骗取海关具保放行的,处没收货物或追缴货物等值价款,如属超期交验的,处货物等值百分之三十以下、百分之五以上的罚款。
第七条 来料加工、进料加工合同项下进口的料、件和加工的成品、半成品,经主管部门批准转内销处理的,应视为一般进口货物,其中属于许可证管理的商品,应按规定补领进口许可证。不能补交进口许可证的,处货物等值以下,百分之十以上的罚款;未经主管部门批准擅自内销的,没收货物或追缴内销货物的等值价款,可以并处有关货物等值以下、百分之三十以上罚款,或者应缴税款三倍以下、一倍以上的罚款。 前款所涉及的料、件、成品、半成品,属于国家限制进口的机电产品的,按第八条规定处理。
第八条 来料加工、进料加工合同项下进口的国家限制进口的机电产品料、件和加工的成品、半成品,转为内销处理的,应视为一般进口货物,按规定补领进口许可证,不能补交进口许可证的,没收货物或追缴内销货物的等值价款,可以并处有关货物等值以下、百分之三十以上的罚款或者应缴税款三倍以下、一倍以上的罚款。
第九条 故意采取分签合同、分口岸或分批进口的方式,逃避许可证管理,证据确凿的,视情节分别按走私或违反海关监管规定论处。
以维修为名进口汽车、家用电器等国家限制进口商品的零配件,直接组装整车、整机证据确凿的,按前款规定处理。
第十条 对违反进出口许可证管理制度,进口高档消费品或国家限制进口的机电产品,出口国家紧缺物资的,从重处罚。
第十一条 对各级经贸管理部门违反规定的授权范围或不按进出口许可证管理制度规定签发的许可证,海关有权不予受理,有关货物不准进口或出口。
第十二条 对违反进出口许可证管理制度的其他行为,由海关按本规定的原则和其他有关规定处理。
第十三条 本规定所列行为构成走私罪的,应移送司法机关依法追究有关当事人的刑事责任。
第十四条 本规定自一九八九年二月一日起施行。

PROVISIONS FOR THE PUNISHMENT OF OFFENSES AGAINST THE IMPORT ANDEXPORT LICENCE CONTROL SYSTEM

(Promulgated on January 25, 1989)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
The Provisions are formulated in accordance with the Customs Law of
the People's Republic of China, the Interim Regulations of the People's
Republic of China on the Licence Control System for Import Goods, and the
Rules for the Implementation of Administrative Penalty under the Customs
Law of the People's Republic of China with a view to dealing seriously
with offenses against the import and export licence control system and
ensuring the effective implementation of this system.
Article 2
Any attempt to smuggle in or out goods through the forgery of import
or export licences shall be punished by confiscating the goods and a fine
equivalent to 30 percent or more of, but not more than, the value of the
goods; serious cases shall be dealt with by court in accordance with the
criminal law.
Article 3
Misreporting the names, specifications, etc. of import and export
goods in order to evade import licence control shall be punished by
confiscating the goods and a fine equivalent to at least 10 percent but no
more than 30 percent of the value of the goods; if the misreporting is
designed to evade export licence control, the goods shall be confiscated,
ordered to be returned or banned from export in addition to the aforesaid
fine.
Evading import licence control by misreporting goods under such
control as client-supplied or other materials being imported for
fulfilment of processing orders or in other names shall be punished by
confiscating the goods and a fine equivalent to at least 10 percent but no
more than 30 percent of the value of the goods.
Importing or exporting more licence-controlled goods than the amount
reported shall be punished by confiscating the goods in excess of the
reported amount (except those for which there are overflow or shortfall
provisions), together with a fine equivalent to at least 10 percent but no
more than 30 percent of the value of the said goods.
Concealing licence-controlled goods among goods not subject to
licence control shall be punished by confiscating the licence-controlled
goods and a fine equivalent to at least 10 percent but no more than 30
percent of the value of those goods.
Article 4
Altering the content, such as names, specifications, amounts or
periods of validity, of an import or export licence shall be punished by
confiscating the goods and a fine equivalent to at least 10 percent but no
more than 30 percent of the value of the goods.
In cases of illegally using the import or export licences issued to
others, the goods being imported or exported shall be dealt with in
accordance with the provisions of preceding clauses.
Article 5
In case of failure to produce the relevant licence in declaring
licence-controlled import goods, the goods shall be confiscated or ordered
to be shipped back, or, if the import licence is later submitted within
the time-limit set by Customs, a fine shall be imposed at an amount
equivalent to at least 5 percent but no more than 30 percent of the value
of the goods; in case of failure to produce the relevant licence in
declaring licence-controlled export goods, the goods shall be confiscated
or ordered to be shipped back.
Article 6
In case the goods are cleared by Customs through the signing of a
guaranty, but no licence is produced within the prescribed time-limit, the
goods shall be confiscated or an amount equivalent to the value of the
goods shall be paid as penalty, if the case proves to be a fraud because
there is no licence at all; or a fine equivalent to at least 5 percent but
no more than 30 percent of the value of the goods shall be imposed, if the
case proves to be one of delay and the licence is finally produced.
Article 7
When client-supplied and other materials and parts imported for
fulfilment of processing orders and the finished and semi-finished goods
produced therefrom are sold on the domestic market with the approval of
the competent authorities, they shall be regarded as ordinary imports and,
for those subject to licence control, import licences shall be submitted
retroactively in accordance with the relevant provisions. In case of
failure to produce the import licences, a fine equivalent to at least 10
percent of but no more than the value of the goods shall be imposed; in
case the sales are not approved by the competent authorities, the goods
shall be confiscated or an amount equivalent to the value of the goods
sold on the domestic market shall be paid as penalty, and a fine may be
imposed at the same time, which shall be equivalent to at least 30 percent
of but no more than the value of the goods or equivalent to at least 2
times but no more than 4 times the amount of the tax that should be paid.
If the aforesaid materials, parts, finished goods and semi-finished
goods are in the category of machinery and electrical appliances whose
import is restricted by the State, they shall be dealt with in accordance
with the provisions of Article 8.
Article 8
When client-supplied and other materials and parts imported for
fulfilment of processing orders and the finished and semi-finished goods
produced therefrom, which are in the category of machinery and electrical
appliances whose import is restricted by the State, are sold on the
domestic market, they shall be regarded as ordinary imports and import
licences shall be submitted retroactively in accordance with the relevant
provisions. In case of failure to produce the import licences, the goods
shall be confiscated or an amount equivalent to the value of the goods
sold on the domestic market shall be paid as penalty, and a fine may be
imposed at the same time, which shall be equivalent to at least 30 percent
of but no more than the value of the goods or equivalent to at least 2
times but no more than 4 times the amount of the tax that should be paid.
Article 9
Anyone who has been proved conclusively as having evaded licence
control by deliberately signing separate contracts or by importing goods
from different ports or in different instalments shall be penalized on the
merit of each case according to the provisions for the punishment of
smuggling or offenses against Customs supervision and control.
Anyone who has been proved conclusively to have imported parts and
components allegedly for the maintenance of motor vehicles or household
electrical appliances whose import is restricted by the State, and in fact
have used them to assemble complete motor vehicles or household electrical
appliances shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the
preceding paragraph.
Article 10
Anyone who has imported high-grade consumer goods or machinery or
electrical appliances whose import is restricted by the State, or has
exported materials in short supply in the country, in violation of the
import and export licence control system shall be punished severely.
Article 11
In case any licences are signed by foreign economic relations and
trade departments at various levels that have exceeded their prescribed
terms of reference or are inconformable to the import and export licence
control system, the Customs shall have the right to reject these licences
and forbid the import or export of the goods concerned.
Article 12
Other offenses against the import and export licence control system
shall be dealt with by the Customs in accordance with the principles of
these Provisions and other pertinent provisions.
Article 13
If any of the offenses listed in these Provisions constitutes a crime
of smuggling, the case shall be transferred to the judicial department
where the parties concerned shall be tried according to law.
Article 14
These Provisions shall come into effect on February 1, 1989.



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